A while back, I posted an article on setting up Vim with ctags. In this post, I’ll go through the code of a small vim plugin I’ve recently published, tagfinder.vim, which is a generalization of the last example from that article. Basically, it lets you define custom commands to look for tags by their name, filtering them by a specific type – class, method, module, and so on. This doesn’t add a whole lot of value over the built-in :tag command, but I find it’s still pretty useful. The idea was originally taken from Tom Link’s tlib library.

My goal is to show an example of moving from an idea of useful functionality to working vimscript. I am cheating quite a lot, since it’s something I’ve had in my vimfiles for a while now. I’ve only isolated it into a plugin, removing the dependencies and adding hooks for custom commands. This means that I have a good idea of what I want to do, so I’ll skip lots of steps in the process of describing it. Still, I think it might be useful to see the components of a simple vim plugin and how they work together. I’ll make a summary after the post with what I consider some of the more important lessons.

Problem definition

First of all, what’s the problem I’m trying to solve?

I’d like to be able to look up classes and methods by their names. Since I don’t want to have to type in the whole name, some completion is necessary. The plugin also needs to be customizable, because ctags uses different kind names for different languages. For instance, a method is denoted by f in ruby, but by m in java, so a :FindMethod command wouldn’t work the same way in both languages.

Basic framework

Where to start? I could try doing things top-down – start with an interface using commands – but for something like this, I’d prefer to work bottom-up, at least in the beginning. The plugin is simple enough in theory, but vimscript can be a complicated beast. It’d be nice to have the functions doing the hard work nailed down, so I’m confident enough to deal with the user interface.

So, to start off, let’s write a few functions that retrieve tags, filtered the way I like. The first one will be used when I have a full tag.

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function! FindTags(name, kinds)
  let tag_list = []

  for entry in taglist(a:name)
    if index(a:kinds, entry.kind) > -1
      call add(tag_list, entry)
    endif
  endfor

  return tag_list
endfunction

Basically, I retrieve the tag data using taglist() and then iterate through the returned list. Each entry is a dict with several fields. For now, the kind one will be enough. The check is performed by looking for entry.kind within the given list of kinds to look for. If one is found, the result will be a non-negative number, in which case the entry is kept for later.

From the found tags, I can retrieve the filename and pattern to locate the tag definitions. I could send the user to one of these directly, or use some kind of a menu to have them choose one. I’ll deal with that later on.

For now, I’ll write another function to use for the completion process. For this one, I need to look for any tags starting with a certain string. Also, there’s no point in keeping all the data from the found tags, a name would be enough for the purposes of completion.

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function! FindTagNamesByPrefix(prefix, kinds)
  let tag_set = {}

  for entry in taglist('^'.a:prefix)
    if index(a:kinds, entry.kind) > -1
      let tag_set[entry.name] = 1
    endif
  endfor

  return keys(tag_set)
endfunction

The invocation would be something like FindTagNamesByPrefix('ActiveR', ['c', 'class']). The result, a list of all classes that start with “ActiveR” within the tag file.

This time, I’m not using a list to store the tags. I need to remove any duplicates, because there could easily be a dozen definitions of the same function within the project. Interestingly enough, vim doesn’t seem to have a built-in function to filter a list by uniqueness, so I use a dict instead.

The function iterates through the results of taglist(), just like before. Notice that I’m using ^ to anchor the match to the beginning of the tag. Next, the tags are filtered by the given kinds, nothing new here. Instead of using add() to stick the tag in a list, I just save it as the key of a dict. When it’s all done, the function simply returns all of the dict’s keys and I get a unique list of tag names, starting with the given prefix.

This is a good start. You can experiment with these functions to check that they work more or less correctly. For example, you could tag the rails source and play with that. Retrieving the tags for “ActiveRecord”, for instance, will vary depending on whether you look for a class with ['c'] or module with ['m']. A nice plugin you could use to view the returned structures in the command line is prettyprint.vim.

Now, let’s build on these functions to actually implement the interface.

Straightforward solution

Let’s start with writing a command that opens up the quickfix window with all found tags. To simplify things, I’ll look only for classes first, and see how I can generalize things later.

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command! -nargs=1 FindClass call s:FindClass(<f-args>)
function! s:FindClass(name)
  let qflist = []
  for entry in FindTags(a:name, ['c', 'class'])
    let filename = entry.filename
    let pattern  = substitute(entry.cmd, '^/\(.*\)/$', '\1', '')

    call add(qflist, {
          \ 'filename': filename,
          \ 'pattern':  pattern,
          \ })
  endfor

  call setqflist(qflist)
  copen
endfunction

There are a few interesting things going on here. Let’s go through them step-by-step:

• Since I want to put a fair amount of logic into the command, I use a script-local function, s:FindClass() to do the heavy lifting. I could make this a global function or put it in autoload, but at the moment, this is going to be too specific to be useful elsewhere, so better keep it close to the command as its implementation. I limit the argument count to one, because I’ll be looking for only one tag at a time.
• The qflist variable holds a list I’m filling with entries for the quickfix window. The tag entries are structured a bit differently, so there’s a need to do some conversion. Once all of the entries are converted into the qflist array, setqflist(qflist) loads them up in the quickfix window. All that’s left is executing copen to actually open it.
• The conversion of the pattern is required, because the tag entry contains a cmd field that might look like /^ class ActiveRecord::Base$/. The first and last / symbols need to be removed for the quickfix entry to do the right thing. A simple regular expression does the trick.

Let’s handle some edge cases now by adding some checks to the final lines of the function.

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function! s:FindClass(name)
  " ...

  if len(qflist) == 0
    echohl Error | echo "No tags found" | echohl NONE
  elseif len(qflist) == 1
    call setqflist(qflist)
    silent cfirst
  else
    call setqflist(qflist)
    copen
  endif
endfunction

Now, if no tags have been found, an error message is displayed. If only one tag is present, there’s no need to open the quickfix window, so the user is sent to the first (and only) entry. Otherwise, the window is opened and the user can choose the tag to jump to.

Now that I have a :FindClass command, I can build a :FindFunction one to look for functions. It seems like the only difference between them is in the parameter given to FindTags. Let’s just rewrite the s:FindClass function to take an additional argument and rename it to something more generic.

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command! -nargs=1 FindClass    call s:JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['c', 'class'])
command! -nargs=1 FindFunction call s:JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['f', 'method', 'F', 'singleton method'])
function! s:JumpToTag(name, kinds)
  " ...

  for entry in FindTags(a:name, a:kinds)
    " ...
  endfor

  " ...
endfunction

These changes should be enough. I can now add all kinds of commands to look for specific language constructs, but there’s an annoying problem – different languages use different kind names. In that case, I can buffer-localize the commands and make the s:JumpToTag() function global, so it’s accessible in the filetype plugins.

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command! -buffer -nargs=1 FindClass    call JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['c', 'class'])
command! -buffer -nargs=1 FindFunction call JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['f', 'method', 'F', 'singleton method'])

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command! -buffer -nargs=1 FindCommand  call JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['c', 'command'])
command! -buffer -nargs=1 FindFunction call JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['f', 'function'])

Simple enough. One drawback is that there’s no longer any access to these commands unless a buffer is opened. A simple solution is to define global commands with the same names and let the buffer-local ones override them for specific filetypes. We’ll see how that can be implemented a bit later on, after I create a better interface for defining them.

Completion

A big issue is the lack of command-line completion. Thankfully, this is easy enough to implement (for now).

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command! -buffer -nargs=1 -complete=customlist,s:CompleteFindClass FindClass call JumpToTag(<f-args>, ['c', 'class'])
function! s:CompleteFindClass(lead, command_line, cursor_pos)
  if len(a:lead) > 0
    let tag_prefix = a:lead
  else
    let tag_prefix = '.'
  endif

  return sort(FindTagNamesByPrefix(tag_prefix, kinds))
endfunction

The -complete=customlist,s:CompleteFindClass part is new. It attaches the s:CompleteFindClass function to the FindClass command. Vim invokes it when <tab> is pressed while typing and provides the three parameters:

• a:lead holds the current word that’s being completed
• a:command_line is the entire command line
• a:cursor_pos is the position of the cursor in the command line, in bytes

If the a:lead argument is not empty, then the user has started typing something and I can use that as a prefix. If not, I just start a search for all tags. Generally, that would be very inefficient, but might be okay for a small codebase. We can always stop it with a Ctrl+C, so it shouldn’t be a problem.

Note the -buffer part of the command, by the way. If we want to use this as completion for a global command, that one needs to be removed.

A sensible user interface

Unfortunately, the above code is a bit too much to copy for every single tag finder a user would want to write. Most of the code can be extracted in a helper, but the completion function needs to have these specific arguments in order to fit with vim’s interface. To work around this, I’ll just use the first argument, a:lead, to determine what kind of completion to perform.

It has to be said that the above code would actually be enough for most cases. From this point on, things might get a bit more difficult to follow, involving commands that define other commands. You have been warned.

For starters, let’s define a simpler user interface, disregarding completion for the moment. This time, I’ll start from the end result. My goal is being able to do this:

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DefineLocalTagFinder FindFunction f,method,F,singleton\ method

This invocation should be enough to define a :FindFunction command for the current buffer. I’ve placed a “Local” in the name to make its scope obvious and because I’ll be writing a global version of it later. Its definition would be pretty much the same as the above buffer-local commands, except it needs to be made generic.

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command! -nargs=+ DefineLocalTagFinder call s:DefineLocalTagFinder(<f-args>)
function s:DefineLocalTagFinder(name, kinds)
  exe 'command! -buffer -nargs=1 '.a:name.' call JumpToTag(<f-args>, "'.a:kinds.'")'
endfunction

The new command needs two arguments – a command name and a specification of the kinds of tags it will be looking for. While we can’t constrain the command to exactly two parameters, -nargs=+ is good enough. As for the kinds, we don’t need to use a comma (or any special delimiter) to separate them, but it makes things a bit simpler in this case.

The exe might look a bit odd if you’re not used to writing vimscript, but on close inspection, there’s nothing difficult about it. The string is executed as a regular vim command would, with a:name and a:kinds replaced with their actual values. It’s very similar to the send method in ruby. If we invoke the command with DefineLocalTagFinder FindFunction f,function, the string would expand to:

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command! -buffer -nargs=1 FindFunction call JumpToTag(<f-args>, "f,function")

As you may have noticed, this doesn’t quite fit with our previous definition of JumpToTag. We’ll just rewrite it, like so:

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function! JumpToTag(name, kinds)
  let kinds = split(a:kinds, ',')
  " ...
endfunction

Why the change? Well, serializing an array by hand is a bit difficult to read. Since JumpToTag is my own helper function, better adapt it a bit to fit my needs and have it use a comma-separated string instead of an array.

The last part of the puzzle is, again, completion. I’ll make it dynamic by tracking all tag-finding commands defined in the buffer and determining the completion depending on the a:command_line argument.

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command! -nargs=+ DefineLocalTagFinder call s:DefineLocalTagFinder(<f-args>)
function s:DefineLocalTagFinder(name, kinds)
  if !exists('b:tagfinder_commands')
    let b:tagfinder_commands = {}
  endif

  let b:tagfinder_commands[a:name] = split(kinds, ',')

  exe 'command! -buffer -nargs=1 -complete=customlist,CompleteTagFinder '.a:name.' call JumpToTag(<f-args>, "'.a:kinds.'")'
endfunction

function! CompleteTagFinder(lead, command_line, cursor_pos)
  let command_name = s:ExtractCommandName(a:command_line)
  let kinds        = b:tagfinder_commands[command_name]

  if len(a:lead) > 0
    let tag_prefix = a:lead
  else
    let tag_prefix = '.'
  endif

  return sort(FindTagNamesByPrefix(tag_prefix, kinds))
endfunction

function! s:ExtractCommandName(command_line)
  let command_line = substitute(a:command_line, '^.*|', '', '')
  let parts        = split(command_line, '\s\+')
  return parts[0]
endfunction

Now, every time a tag-finding command is defined, its name is saved in a buffer-local variable, along with the tag kinds it’s linked to. Whenever completion is needed for one of these commands, its name is retrieved from the entire command line.

Getting the command name from the entire line is a bit annoying. It’d be simple to just split it by whitespace and grab the first part, but there might be something in front of it, ending in “|”, like:

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echo | split | Function save_page_

That’s why the s:ExtractCommandName starts by removing anything up to the last “|” character, and then proceeds to extract the first part as the command name.

Cleanup

There are a few more things that need to be done to make this a proper plugin. For starters, the global functions need to be autoloaded to avoid polluting the global namespace.

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function! tagfinder#CompleteTagFinder(lead, command_line, cursor_pos)
  " ...
endfunction

function! tagfinder#FindTagNamesByPrefix(prefix, kinds)
  " ...
endfunction

function! tagfinder#FindTags(name, kinds)
  " ...
endfunction

function! tagfinder#JumpToTag(name, kinds)
  " ...
endfunction

A global DefineTagFinder command would be nice to set up some default commands. If you code almost exclusively in ruby, you could do that with the above FindFunction and FindClass to avoid being unable to search when you’re in a buffer with a different filetype.

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if !exists('b:tagfinder_commands')
  let g:tagfinder_commands = {}
endif

command! -nargs=+ DefineTagFinder call s:DefineTagFinder(<f-args>)
function s:DefineTagFinder(name, kinds)
  let g:tagfinder_commands[a:name] = split(a:kinds, ',')

  exe 'command! -nargs=1 -complete=customlist,tagfinder#CompleteTagFinder '.a:name.' call JumpToTag(<f-args>, "'.a:kinds.'")'
endfunction

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function! tagfinder#CompleteTagFinder(lead, command_line, cursor_pos)
  if !exists('b:tagfinder_commands')
    let b:tagfinder_commands = {}
  endif

  let command_name       = s:ExtractCommandName(a:command_line)
  let tagfinder_commands = extend(g:tagfinder_commands, b:tagfinder_commands)
  let kinds              = tagfinder_commands[command_name]

  " ...
endfunction

I’ve added a g:tagfinder_commands variable and I use that to store the global command names. The completion function merges the global and the buffer-local variables and queries the result to figure out the kinds to look for.

And, of course, there’s the important matter of writing documentation, but this is one process I won’t be describing here.

The full source code of the plugin is on github.

Summary

• Vimscript is a bit difficult to get into. At its core lies a very simple language, but with lots of extensions for various edge cases that may confuse newcomers. Once you get the hang of it, though, it’s not that big of a deal (excluding the occasional hiccup).
• Tags are a powerful resource. Vim allows you to retrieve tags very quickly and filter them on anything you want. Depending on the command-line flags and the language, you might get a lot more information that I’ve needed in this example, like the containing class, inheritance chain, type (for variables).
• The quickfix list is easy to manipulate and provides a nice interface for a lot of needs. It can be used for navigating compilation errors, investigating backtraces, and, in this case, jumping around tag definitions.
• Commands can define other commands. And, they can do it dynamically if they have to, by using exe. This may look ugly if overused, but it’s a pretty powerful tool.
• Adding completion to vim commands can help a lot in the long run. Whenever you write a command to help you out with something, consider if it would benefit from a completion function.